Protection and Indemnity insurance, or as it is more commonly known – ‘P&I’, is third party legal liability insurance for ship owners, operators and charterers 

FD&D (Freight, Demurrage and Defense) provides assistance to Members for the cost of legal representation and expert advice in relation to claims, disputes and other matters of a shipping nature which are not already covered by P&I and are not covered by any other form of insurance 

Despite modern technical and technological progress safety at sea is far from being absolute

Loss or damage caused by an act of war including civil war, revolution, rebellion, riot, hijacking or detention whereas normally these risks are excluded from the usual coverage 

The “charterer’s liability insurance” is a type of marine insurance. Most ships are chartered either on a time charter or voyage charter contract 

This insurance covers a shipowner’s liabilities arising under a contract of carriage where they normally would have cover